Tag Archives: solar system

Emergent Gravity in the Solar System

In a prior post I outlined Erik Verlinde’s recent proposal for Emergent Gravity that may obviate the need for dark matter.

Emergent gravity is a statistical, thermodynamic phenomenon that emerges from the underlying quantum entanglement of micro states found in dark energy and in ordinary matter. Most of the entropy is in the dark energy, but the presence of ordinary baryonic matter can displace entropy in its neighborhood and the dark energy exerts a restoring force that is an additional contribution to gravity.

Emergent gravity yields both an area entropy term that reproduces general relativity (and Newtonian dynamics) and a volume entropy term that provides extra gravity. The interesting point is that this is coupled to the cosmological parameters, basically the dark energy term which now dominates our de Sitter-like universe and which acts like a cosmological constant Λ.

In a paper that appeared in arxiv.org last month, a trio of astronomers Hees, Famaey and Bertone claim that emergent gravity fails by seven orders of magnitude in the solar system. They look at the advance of the perihelion for six planets out through Saturn and claim that Verlinde’s formula predicts perihelion advances seven orders of magnitude larger than should be seen.

No emergent gravity needed here. Image credit: NASA GSFC

But his formula does not apply in the solar system.

“..the authors claiming that they have ruled out the model by seven orders of magnitude using solar system data. But they seem not to have taken into account that the equation they are using does not apply on solar system scales. Their conclusion, therefore, is invalid.” – Sabine Hossenfelder, theoretical physicist (quantum gravity) Forbes blog

Why is this the case? Verlinde makes 3 main assumptions: (1) a spherically symmetric, isolated system, (2) a system that is quasi-static, and (3) a de Sitter spacetime. Well, check for (1) and check for (2) in the case of the Solar System. However, the Solar System is manifestly not a dark energy-dominated de Sitter space.

It is overwhelmingly dominated by ordinary matter. In our Milky Way galaxy the average density of ordinary matter is some 45,000 times larger than the dark energy density (which corresponds to only about 4 protons per cubic meter). And in our Solar System it is concentrated in the Sun, but on average out to the orbit of Saturn is a whopping $3.7 \cdot 10^{17}$ times the dark energy density.

The whole derivation of the Verlinde formula comes from looking at the incremental entropy (contained in the dark energy) that is displaced by ordinary matter. Well with over 17 orders of magnitude more energy density, one can be assured that all of the dark energy entropy was long ago displaced within the Solar System, and one is well outside of the domain of Verlinde’s formula, which only becomes relevant when acceleration drops near to or below  c * H. The Verlinde acceleration parameter takes the value of $1.1 \cdot 10^{-8}$  centimeters/second/second for the observed value of the Hubble parameter. The Newtonian acceleration at Saturn is .006 centimeters/second/second or 50,000 times larger.

The conditions where dark energy is being displaced only occur when the gravity has dropped to much smaller values; his approximation is not simply a second order term that can be applied in a domain where dark energy is of no consequence.

There is no entropy left to displace, and thus the Verlinde formula is irrelevant at the orbit of Saturn, or at the orbit of Pluto, for that matter. The authors have not disproven Verlinde’s proposal for emergent gravity.

Dark Matter in the Solar System: Does it Matter?

Dark matter is the dominant form of matter in the universe. Measurements from supernovae, the cosmic microwave background, galaxy clusters, galaxy rotation and other techniques indicate that it is approximately 5 or 6 times as abundant by mass density as ordinary matter. By particle number, it is probably less abundant, as long as the dark matter particle has mass greater than 6 GeV (giga-electron Volts) as seems likely (actually mass is in units of GeV/c², but physicists like to use the shorthand of “GeV”). The ordinary matter mass component is dominated by protons and neutrons with approximately 1 GeV mass. So if the dark matter particle turns out to be 6 GeV, which is near the lower bound of expected mass, then just as many dark matter particles as protons and neutrons combined would explain the nearly 6 times as much dark matter mass density on average, as compared to ordinary matter density. Otherwise, if the dark matter particle mass is larger, fewer would suffice.

Dark matter clumps, under its own gravitational influence, into large scale structures including superclusters of galaxies, clusters and groups of galaxies, and individual galaxies and dwarf galaxies. Within our own Milky Way galaxy, the dark matter is more diffuse, more spread out, than ordinary matter. As one moves away from the center of the galaxy, and above the spiral disk that contains most of the ordinary, luminous matter, the dark matter to ordinary matter ratio increases. Ordinary matter clumps to a much greater degree since it feels electromagnetic forces, and these result in friction and shock waves that heat up the ordinary matter, but also cooling via radiative processes – emission of photons. Cold ordinary matter will clump due to mutual gravitational infall as it cools, and this is how we end up with molecular clouds (stellar nurseries), stars, and planets, moons, asteroids, and comets. In these structures, which are at much smaller distance scales, ordinary matter dominates over dark matter. Dark matter doesn’t feel electromagnetic forces, so it remains more spread out, influenced primarily by gravitational forces.

Nevertheless, one can ask the question, to what extent does dark matter influence our Solar System? For example, are the orbits of the Earth or other planets perturbed due to the gravitational effect of dark matter found in the Solar System? Surely there is some dark matter within the Solar System, assuming the most favored explanation, that it is some sort of new particle, a WIMP – weakly interacting massive particle, or perhaps an axion. This is why direct detection efforts looking for dark matter passing through Earth-bound laboratories are worthwhile.

The amount of dark matter in the galactic plane in the vicinity of the Solar neighborhood is estimated by looking at the dynamics of stars nearby and above and below the Milky Way’s disk. By looking at their velocity distribution we can measure the total mass density and subtract out the ordinary matter component. The favored value in the Solar neighborhood for the galactic background is usually taken to be 0.3 GeV/cc and equates to the equivalent of 1 proton per every 3 cubic centimeters. Thus, with this value, if the dark matter particle has mass 10 GeV, there would need to be 1 of these particles for each 30 cc of space. This is not a significant amount; within Earth’s orbit it would amount to about 8 billion tons. Out to the orbit of Saturn, the total amount would be around 9 trillion tons. This is not much in Solar System terms.

However, there’s more to the story than just this quick estimate. Let’s look at the observational constraints first; one can look for perturbations in the orbits of the major Solar System bodies to place some constraints on the amount of dark matter. Then we will look at the possibility that the  Solar System’s complement of dark matter is significantly higher than the value inferred from stellar dynamics within the Milky Way, due to gravitational capture of some of the dark matter encountered over billions of years as the Sun (and the rest of the Solar System) orbits the center of our galaxy at over 200 kilometers per second. The idea is that the average in the Solar “suburban” neighborhood is close to the estimate above, but in the “urban” neighborhood closer to the Sun the dark matter is more concentrated, due to being gravitationally swept up by the Sun and larger planets.

Russian researchers Pitjev and Pitjeva have studied hundreds of thousands of observations – over a nearly 50 year period – of the planets, a number of their moons, and spacecraft in the Solar System, looking for orbital perturbations. They find no measurable deviations which could be ascribed to dark matter. They have found that the density is less than 1.1 x 10^-20 grams/cc at the orbit of Saturn, 1.4 x 10^-20 g/cc at Mars, and less than 1.4 x 10^-19 g/cc at Earth. We can convert this to GeV/cc by noting that the proton mass is .938 GeV, which is equivalent to 1.67 x 10^-24 grams. So their upper limit on density at Saturn is then equivalent to 6000 GeV/cc. This is a much looser constraint. In other words, even at several thousand GeV/cc for the dark matter density near to the Sun, no apparent orbital perturbations would be expected for the 8 planets and several moons and spacecraft studied.

Thus one can conclude that even if the dark matter density in the Solar neighborhood were 10 or even 100 times larger than expected from stellar dynamics observations, that its gravitational effects on the precisely measured orbits of the major planets and major moons in the Solar system would be of no consequence.

In fact the authors note that the aggregate dark matter within Saturn’s orbit should be less than 1/6th of 1 billionth of the Sun’s mass, which is 2 x 10^27 metric tons. We’re talking at most 3 x 10^17 metric tons, which is a lot, but not in Solar system terms. The mass of the Moon is 7 x 10^19 metric tons, so this is an amount over 200 times smaller than the Moon’s mass spread out over the volume within Saturn’s orbit.

Another research team, at the University of Arizona, used a different technique five years ago. They modeled how much dark matter would be swept up into and gravitationally captured, by the Solar System over its 4.5 billion year history as it moves around the galactic center. Drs. Xu and Siegel calculate that about 10^17 metric tons of dark matter have been captured, out to the outer reaches of the Solar system. This amount is just 0.14% of the Moon’s mass and 0.0018% the mass of the Earth. This is consistent with the less than 1/3 x 10^18 metric tons within Saturn’s orbit from the orbital study above.

One of the important consequences of the Xu and Siegel results is that direct searches for dark matter need to consider in their models for data analysis not only the flux of the high velocity component as the Earth and Solar System move around the galactic center at over 200 km/sec, but also the lower velocity component. This applies to the more abundant dark matter that is bound within the Solar System and through which the Earth moves at a rate of 30 km/sec. At the Earth’s location their model implies a density 2000 times higher, or 600 GeV/cc, for this low velocity, bound component so despite the lower velocity, it could well dominate in dark matter detection experiments.

References:

https://darkmatterdarkenergy.com/2012/08/14/dark-matter-on-mars/

http://arxiv.org/pdf/1306.5534v1.pdf – N. P. Pitjev and E. V. Pitjeva, 2013, “Constraints on Dark Matter in the Solar System”

http://www.universetoday.com/15266/dark-matter-is-denser-in-the-solar-system/ – describes Solar System dark matter capture model of Ethan Siegel and Xiaoying Xu of the University of Arizona

http://arxiv.org/abs/0806.3767 – E. Siegel and X. Xu, 2008, “Dark Matter in the Solar System”